Quadrant #1: Implicit Time +I mplicit Space

Ground Public Transportation
Industry website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation

Paragraph overview:

Ground Public Transportation includes buses, subways, trolleys and light rail, commuter trains, van pool services, paratransit services for senior citizens and people with disabilities, or monorails. Despite many differences in transportation means and business operating structure, the companies around the world are the similar from the Revenue Management point of view. Most of the companies within the industry sell both the time and the space implicitly to the customers. Therefore customers have a lot of control over the traveling time and space (they can get out at any stop) and companies have almost no control. The companies usually cannot change the space estimate-distance of travel in miles or kilometers. But they have some flexibility in shifting the implicit time to explicit in order to move the industry into the most profitable for Revenue Management quadrant.

4 companies:

Metropolitan Transportation Authority of State of New York ( http://www.mta.info/)

MTA subways, buses, and railroads provide 2.6 billion trips each year to New Yorkers — the equivalent of about one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders. MTA bridges and tunnels carry more than 300 million vehicles a year — more than any bridge and tunnel authority in the nation. This vast transportation network — North America's largest — serves a population of 14.6 million people in the 5,000-square-mile area. MTA sells the time and space implicitly: for one ticket price customer can as make many rides within the subway system as he can and use the service for unlimited time. Similarly for monthly pass he can use all the MTA means of transportation unlimited time and travel to any distance.

National Express Group (http://www.nationalexpressgroup.com/nx1/about/)

National Express Group PLC, a leading international public transport group, operates bus, coach and rail services in the UK, bus and coach operations in Spain and school bus services in North America. The clear strategy established in 2007 has enabled National Express to deliver a more customer-driven, branded proposition, grow organically through new products and services for the customers, and to integrate and bolt-on further acquisitions and franchises across their businesses. The company sells the time and space implicitly to the customers in the main businesses: for one pass or ticket customers can travel around the UK or Spain.

Japan Railways (JR) (http://www.japanrail.com/)

Japan's four major islands are covered by an extensive and reliable network of railways. Trains are a very convenient way for visitors to travel around Japan, especially in conjunction with the Japan Rail Pass. About 70 percent of Japan's railway network is owned and operated by the Japan Railways (JR). The JR Group is made up of six regional passenger railway companies, which are JR Hokkaido, JR East, JR Central, JR West, JR Shikoku, and JR Kyushu, and one nationwide freight railway company, JR Freight. Together they operate a nationwide network of urban, regional and interregional train lines, night trains and shinkansen (bullet trains). The company sells time and space implicit.

The Society of International Railway Travelers (http://www.irtsociety.com/index.php)-%20the example of different definition of space (room-night like in the hotel) and explicit use of time in ground public transportation industry.

Since 1983, the company has been offering luxury, first-class and steam rail tours with the World's Top 25 Trains in Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, North America and South America. The Trans-Siberian Express is the big train ride—an epic journey spanning two continents and seven time zones. Customers spend fourteen days traveling on the world's most famous railway on board the private Golden Eagle Trans-Siberian Express. Most days are spent touring cities along the route; there are three, relaxing all-train days. Nights are spent on the train in private train compartments with en-suite bathroom.

Night Clubs/Bars

Industry website: http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/ind/fr/profile/basic.xhtml?ID=277

Paragraph overview:
he bar and nightclub industry in the U.S. is comprised of about 50,000 locations with annual revenues of about $15bln. No major companies dominate as state liquor laws make it hard to build big chains. Customers go to nightclubs and bars to socialize and most of the nightclubs provide entertaining and dancing. The majority of nightclubs range from 3,000 to 7,000 sq ft. according to nightclubbizz.com. The most successful owners tend to have larger clubs which range from 10,000 to 30,000 sq ft. Night clubs have a cover charge for customers to gain entry. Once they paid a fee they can stay in club as long as they want and free to move to any space inside the club or even between different nightclubs. Therefore nightclubs and bars use the time and space (sq ft per customer) implicitly; customers have a lot of control over space and time. What’s more the nightclubs and bars have limited operating time; a majority open only at the late evening-night part of the day.

4 companies:

PowerZone, Amsterdam, Holland (http://www.thepowerzone.nl/powerzone/gallery.php)

Amsterdam’s first true mega-club with a capacity of well over 5,000 people, located out of city center in an industrial zone near Amstel station. This is happy house territory for a broad audience, with a spacious interior oval bars and round walls, and a large dance floor. Club has a Balcony with comfortable sofas and chairs. The second floor houses the Comfort Zone, a 'lounge' area. Open Fri-Sat 11pm-5am. Cover €12.

Playboy/Moon Nightclub at Palms Hotel, Las Vegas, U.S. (http://www.vipnvegas.com/nightclubs_playboy.html)

The Playboy Club in the Palms Hotel opened its doors to Las Vegas. The Playboy Club features the hottest bunny dealers. Although at the same time it lacks the size and ambiance to make it an entire evening. Hours of operation: Moon: Tuesday, Thursday - Sunday, 10 p.m. to the early morning hours. Playboy Club: 8 p.m. to the early morning hours. Cover price: All Access Pass (Monday and Wednesday): $25, includes admission to Playboy Club and Ghostbar (Moon is closed Mondays and Wednesdays). All Access Pass (Friday and Saturday): $50, includes admission to Playboy Club, Moon Nightclub, Rain Nightclub and Ghostbar. All Access Pass (Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday): $25, includes admission to Playboy Club, Moon Nightclub and Ghostbar

Razzle’s, Daytona Beach, FL, U.S. (http://www.razzlesnightclub.com/about.cfm)

Razzle's Nightclub has livened Daytona Beach's legendary nightlife for over two decades. It’s situated in the heart of Daytona Beach's Beachside Party District and just one block from The World's Most Famous Beach. With over 15,000 square feet of partying space, Razzle's offers the largest nighttime hotspot in Daytona Beach. 11 bar stations, 4 billiard tables, music and video mixing. Introduced in 2003 and renovated in 2007, The Ultra Lounge puts you into an extra special light, sound and video atmosphere including VIP bottle service and VIP host. Open 7 days a week. Free drinks 8 to 10 pm every night.

Miniscule of Sound, London, UK, traveling
(http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/smallest45.html)

Different definition of space and explicit use of time in night club industry example.

Opened in 1998, the world's smallest nightclub (according to the Guinness Book of World Records) is celebrating its 10 birthday. The entire club is completely transportable and maxes out capacity at 14 people, DJ included. No coverage fees. This compact club travels the world in search of clubbers wanting to dance the night away in a more intimate setting. This very tiny club is only 2.4 m by 1.2 m and 2.4 m high or 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet high. The club is so hot everyone desires to get past the bouncer. It has a DJ, smoke machine, sound system, and even a 2 m² dance floor.

Prison

(Explicit time/Explicit Space)

Industry
Prisons are not made for profit making; however it is an interesting industry where a lot of people stay for a defined amout of time (a 10-year sentence for example) in a defined space (a cell). There are exceptions of course - some criminals can be imprisoned for life, in which case the time is implicit, and some prisons have less than maximum or medium security levels, in which case the space could be implicit. A lot of the times these depend on the level of crimes that the sentenced people have committed; however different prisons are configured/set up differently for slightly different purposes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison


1) Canadian Forces Detention Barracks (Known as Club Ed) - Military Prison
In Canada's only military prison, all members who are convicted by military and civilian courts and sentenced to more than 14 days will be incarcerated. Women, although in the same prison, are kept separate from men, this prison is maintained and controlled by the Canadian Forces Military Police. More serious offenders with longer sentences are transfered to the Canadian federal prison system, after 729 days. Any service members serving time of 14 days or under, are held in the local base Military Police Detachment cells.

2) Statesville Prison in Illinois - Maximum Security prison
A custody level in which both design/construction as well as inmate classification reflect the need to provide maximum external and internal control and supervision of inmates primarily through the use of high security parameters and extensive use of internal physical barriers and check points.

3) Cayuga Correctional Facility - Medium Security Prison

In this type of prisons, inmates are still directly and constantly supervised by there is a possiblity of taking up a part-time job and joining other recreational programs if an inmate is willing to comply with institutional rules and regulations. In which case, although the time that an inmate spent at the facility may be pre-defined, the space is implicit.

4) Rochester Correctional Facility - Minimum Security Prison

A custody level in which both the design/construction as well as inmate classification reflect the goal of returning to the inmate a greater sense of personal responsibility and autonomy while still providing for supervision and monitoring of behavior and activity. Program participation is mandated and geared toward their potential reintegration into the community. Access to the community is limited.

In this type of prisons, an inmate's performance is generally related to their release date as they are considered to not pose significant risk to the public. Therefore not only space is implicit, time is implicit as well.

Lifestyle Camps

(Explicit Time/Implicit Space)

Industry

There are many types of lifestyle camps. Some are catered to improve a person's health, some are designed to accommodate children during their summer breaks, and some are used for people who are going through difficulties in their lives and need some professional help. One thing that most of these camps have in common though, is that they offer their services according to pre-defined time slots and schedules. As such, there is no single definition for the various facets within this industry. The following examples should provide some insight into how they function.

Companies

1. California Health & Longevity Institute http://chli.com/

California Health & Longevity Institute is the only place of its kind offering a seamless integration of medicine and programs designed to improve health and wellness for individuals and organizations. The Institute integrates five disciplines to achieve lifestyle and well-being goals: Medical, Nutrition, Fitness, Life Balance, and Spa.
The Institute offers three kinds of lifestyle packages to individuals: half day, full day and multi-day experiences. These are designed to provide guests with the foundation of healthy living strategies to live life with more energy and intention.

2. Wellspring Camps http://www.wellspringcamps.com/

The only weight loss camp exclusively for women (ages 11-24), Wellspring NY offers a wide variety of fitness classes and activities specifically geared for women to lose weight and get in shape. These programs are available in 4-week, 6-week and 8-week time frames. Located on the 14,200-acre campus of Paul Smith’s College in the heart of the Adirondack Park, Wellspring NY takes advantage of state-of-the-art facilities set amid awe-inspiring mountains, sparkling lakes and lush forests. Newsweek has named Paul Smith’s one of America’s 25 Hottest Colleges.

3. Clear Haven Center http://www.clearhavencenter.com/

Located 45 minutes from Montreal, Clear Haven is a rehab center offering both drug and alcohol rehab programs. It differentiates itself by offering programs that last for 3 months as well as the usual 28 days in an effort to help patients achieve lasting recoveries and to prevent relapses. Their facilities include accommodations, sports fields and yards so that patients do not feel trapped inside the center.

The programs start at $3,700 (US)
There are 1, 1½, 2, and 3 month programs available.

4. Kids’ Camps http://www.kidscamps.com/

This website offers links to hundreds of camps that are suitable for sending children to in the summer. It breaks the camps down into several categories – sports, academics, special interests, etc. before asking for your preference on the time frame and the location etc.
For example, Bethel Camp for the Arts http://www.maineartscamp.com/default.aspx is a specialty camp focused creative children and offer no team activities. They have a list of pre-defined sessions that children and their parents can choose from; these sessions last 2 weeks each and can be combined to form a 4-week program. Campers, once enrolled, are in complete control of choosing the activities that they are interested in, and would therefore choose the space that they would occupy during their time at the camp.

Dates:

Session 1:
Sunday, June 28, 2009 - Saturday, July 11, 2009
Session 2:
Sunday, July 12, 2009 - Saturday, July 25, 2009
Sessions 1& 2:
Sunday, June 28, 2009 - Saturday, July 25, 2009
Rates:

Session 1 or Session 2 (2 weeks)
$2650, all inclusive
Sessions 1 & 2 (4 weeks)
$4900, all inclusive

Category 4 - Explicit Space/Explicit Time

Web Hosting Industry
Web hosting companies rent out space on their servers for individuals or companies to build their own websites. Every website is hosted somewhere, and if it is not on the personal computer of the creator, then it is leased through a web hosting service. An extensive overview of this industry is available at http://www.w3schools.com/hosting/default.asp. Web hosting companies generally rent out a certain amount of space (measured in Megabytes or Gigabytes) for a given amount of time (usually on a monthly basis). In any case, the space is explicit because it is defined by industry standard and cannot be controlled by the individual web hosting company. Time is explicit as well because the terms of the rental are predetermined. Unlike a meal at a restaurant, where the customer controls duration of service, in this example the web host determines the duration. As we will see from the following examples, web hosts often utilize the space and time levers through techniques such as packaging and long-term commitments to maximize revenue.

100 Megs Web Hosting (http://100megswebhosting.com/services/shared.php)
This host demonstrates the traditional model for companies in this industry. Prices are increase based on the amount of hosting space required. Time is defined as “per month,” “per 6 months” or “per year,” with discounts available depending on the length of contract. This example is analogous to a physical storage facility, where customers pay a monthly or yearly fee to rent a certain number of square feet. While the customer does not have complete control over the size of the rental space, the primary price driver is determined by an external factor (industry standard).

Network Solutions (http://www.networksolutions.com/create-a-website/index.jsp)
This company twists the traditional model by trying to define “space,” thus moving the host closer to Quadrant II. It accomplishes this by selling packages based on number of web pages rather than amount of storage space used. This tactic is facilitated by Network Solutions’ focus on first-time web site creators who are not familiar with the traditional sales model. It effectively generates revenue for the company because, for example, its $5 package includes only 1 page, which could not possibly use up all of the 10 GB that 100 Megs Web Hosting allots to a similarly priced package.

GoDaddy (https://www.godaddy.com/Business/business-hosting.aspx?)
This company uses its specialization in domain name registration to further manipulate space and time for revenue generating purposes. Its web hosting is entirely designed around a “package” concept, including domain registration, hosting, design, and a number of other services that effectively hide the cost per megabyte. Like Network Solutions’ strategy, GoDaddy’s packaging concept serves to make space more implicit and move it closer to Quadrant II.

Angelfire (http://www.angelfire.lycos.com/)
Of the four examples, this is the only one that does not make money directly from its consumers. Rather, it offers web hosting for free (albeit only 20 MB) and places third-party advertisements on its customers’ websites. While unappealing to a business customer, this strategy attracts the most price-sensitive users. Angelfire is also unique in that it does not specify a specific length of time for which it will host a user’s site; once users sign up for the free service, their websites will exist until they choose to deactivate their accounts. Thus, time becomes implicit, moving this company toward the bizarre Quadrant III category. Angelfire can do this because it has little cost associated with each incremental account, and its advertising revenue actually increases linearly with the length of time that a site stays active.

Cemetery Industry[1]
This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating sites or structures reserved for the interment of human or animal remains and/or cremating the dead. It includes mausoleums. While there are a number of large companies which operate an integrated funerals and cemeteries and crematories, there is still a significant involvement of government in managing and operating these latter facilities.

In 2008, sales of burial plots accounts for 35.6% the revenue generated in the Cemetery Industry. Other products or services provided include funeral/cemetery function services and sales of merchandise for the cemetery and the sales of the interment right (ground space or mausoleum crypt) sold by the cemetery.

Typically, customers pre-purchase and pre-pay for their funerals services, with all of the components and products pre-planned.

Here is the link for the definition of industry:
http://www.gravesolutions.com/SitePages/whoweare.asp

We define the sales of cemetery spot as the explicit time – explicit space category because of the following reasons:
1. How is time defined and who controls the time definition?
As customers pre-purchase and pre-pay for their burial plots, the cemeteries define the time for how long the customers can occupy the land of the cemetery. In most of the case, plots are available for lease on a 99-year renewable basis. In a special some cases, customers have a usage right of the site as short as five to ten years (common in Hong Kong and China). After the agreed time period, the body will be removed from the site, and it will be cremated.

2. How is the space defined?
The space is most likely defined as the physical space of the cemetery. Customers purchase or rent the land in square feet. Each type of plots have a specified dimension, although the location of the graves are different.

Notre-Dame-des-Neiges Cemetery (http://www.notredamedesneigescemetery.ca/en/services/traditional.aspx)
This cemetery is the largest cemetery in Canada and the third-largest in North America. Started to operate in 1855, close to a million people in over 110,000 family plots have been laid to the rest in this cemetery.

This company defines time and space traditional. Plots that accommodate two or more places for standard-size caskets are available for lease on a 99-year renewable basis. And customers can prearrange all the concession (crypt, niche or traditional plot), transportation of remains, floral arrangements, viewing, interment, cremation, and purchase of an urn.


Chinese Forever Cemetery - (http://www.bmcpc.org.hk/index.aspx)
This is a government subsidized cemetery in Hong Kong, and is one of the largest cemetery operators. It operates four different sites in Hong Kong. The pricing of the graves are summarized as followed:
Lease Type A
10 years, renewable, 10 years each
$3500
$2500

Lease Type b
10 years, non-renewable
$2500
-
A typical space of a grave is 1,500(length) x 900(width) x 1,800 mm(height)

Grave Solutions (http://www.gravesolutions.com/SitePages/buyingselling.asp)
It is a company facilitates the buying and selling of graveyards. It has developed the first and only secondary market of cemetery property in the United States. Its website features a national database of cemetery lots and burial plots so that customers can go online and check for the price of burial site available. As a grave plots transaction facilitators, it defines the time and grave

Sengakuji Temple Minato ( http://www.odyssei.com/travel-tips/5646.html)
In Japan, the norm is that a family buys some land from a temple and then builds a tomb to fit the rest of the family—Granddad, grandma, parents and yourself get to spend the rest of eternity together - at a cost. Graveyard plots are treated as a form of real estate.
[1] Cemetery Services in the US, November 05 2008, IBIS World Database

Movie Theatres

(Implicit Time / Implicit Space)

Industry
A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre, film theater or cinema is a venue, usually a building, for viewing motion pictures. Most movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing a ticket. Some movie theaters are now equipped for digital camera projection, removing the need to create and transport a physical film print.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater

Space & Time & Price
In order to obtain admission to a movie theater, the prospective theater-goer must usually purchase a ticket, which may be for an arbitrary seat ("open" or "free" seating) or for a specific one (allocated seating). Movie theaters in North America generally have open seating. Cinemas in other countries can have free seating or numbered seating. In the case of numbered seating systems the attendee can often pick seats from a screen; sometimes the attendee cannot see the screen and has to make a choice based on still available seats. In the case of free seats, already seated customers may be forced by staff to move one or more places for the benefit of an arriving couple or group wanting to sit together.

In 2008, the average price for a movie ticket in the United States was $7.18. Throughout the world, different pricing practices exist as the following.

- The price of a ticket may be discounted during off-peak times, and higher at busy times, typically evenings and/or weekends. In quite a few countries, such as in China, when this practice is used, it is traditional to offer the lower prices for Tuesday for all showings, one of the slowest days of the week in the movie theatre business.

- Almost all movie theaters employ economic price discrimination: tickets for youth, students, and seniors are typically cheaper.
- Large theater chains, such as AMC Theaters, also own smaller theaters that show "second runs" of popular films, at reduced ticket prices.
- Movie theaters in some countries employ price discrimination in seating arrangement: seats closer to the screen cost less, while the ones farthest from the screen cost more.
- Some movie theaters and chains sell passes for unlimited entrance.
- In some countries like Thailand there is the restriction of one viewing per movie, while in countries like Netherlands one can see any movie as many times as one wants.

Companies

1) AMC Theatre, CA US http://www.amctheatres.com/index.html

Ticket Pricing and Policy
Adult
$11.00
Matinee
$9.00
Child
$8.00
(Ages 2-12)
Senior
$10.00
(Age 60+)
Student Day
$8.00
Senior Day
$6.00
A.M.Cinema
$6.00
All shows before noon Fri., Sat., Sun. and holiday periods

Digital 3-D Presentations:Add $3.00 per ticket (Tax Included)The IMAX Experience:Add $4.00 per ticket (Tax Included)
IMAX is a uniquely immersive movie experience. It's a whole new way to see movies - see more, hear more, feel more. Images of immense size and striking clarity surround. Deep, sharp sound lets the viewer feel every vibration. Towering screens immerse the audience in fantastic and exciting worlds. Specially designed theatres take the audience on a journey.

Matinee Pricing:-- Before 6:00 PM Monday - Thursday and non-Holidays-- Before 4:00 PM Friday - Sunday and Holidays.
A.M. Cinema is AMC's best ticket price on all shows before noon on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays.

2) AMC Theatre, Hong Kong http://www.amccinemas.com.hk/index.php?lang=e

Day
Price (HK$)
Mon/ Wed / Thu / Fri
75
Tue
50
Sat / Sun / Public Holiday
Morning:45 / Matinee & Nite:75
Student /Children / Senior (Mon - Fri)
50
Student /Children / Senior(Sat/ Sun/ Public Holiday)
50
* Due to the longer duration, the ticket price of "Watchmen" will be increased by HK$ 5 (AMC Festival Walk)/ HK$15 (AMC Pacific Place) per ticket. Charge by the film length & location.
* All discount offers are not applicable to those films with special engagement with film distributors.
* Morning show: on or before 11:35a.m. for AMC Festival Walk.
* Morning show: on or before 11:00a.m. for AMC Pacific Place.
* Children ticket for aged 11 or below. Children over 1 meter tall must hold valid tickets. Senior ticket for aged 60 or above. People must present proof of age before purchase ticket or admission to the house.
* Valid ticket is also needed for infant!

3) Cineplex Odeon, Toronto, Canada http://www.cineplex.com/
Big Screen – Student Group Outings
The group bookings are a voyage of discovery into art, literature, science, history and technology. A trip to the movies provides a unique and powerful perspective on timeless themes of fact and fiction. Cineplex Entertainment entertains and educates over 150,000 school groups annually. Open the students’ minds beyond their known world with compelling educational IMAX® documentaries, feature films geared to the curriculum or to simply have fun.
- Teacher's resource guides for selected films
- 1 free chaperon admission with every 20 tickets purchased
- Discounted rates for groups of 20 or more
- Discounted rates on selected concession orders
- Flexible dates and show times for groups of 100 or more

Private Screening
Cineplex Entertainment private screenings allow the customer and his group to privately view any film currently released in the theatre. Book the screening in advance; the sales staff will help to select the perfect film for the audience from the long list of upcoming blockbusters, family fare, or thought-provoking dramas.

Preview Screening
Treat the employees and clients like Hollywood VIPs. With Cineplex Entertainment preview screenings, the guests can privately view select films prior to their release date. Be among the first to see a major motion picture – before the general public! This is a one-of-a-kind experience that the employees and clients will remember for years to come. Film selections for preview screenings are subject to studio approval.

4) Cinemark, US http://www.cinemark.com/default.aspBirthday Party at Theatre
Cinemark offers party packages and amenities that will leave any birthday boy or girl feeling like a real star! Packages vary by city/location.
· Star Treatment for the Birthday Boy or Girl
· See a Movie after the party

Here’s what the customer needs to know before planning the Private Screening Birthday Party:
· Party timeslots, movie show times and movie titles are subject to availability.
· Private parties must conclude prior to the first public movie showing of the day. (Private Screening Parties are not offered during regular theatre operating hours.)
· Minimum of 20 guests.
· Parties are sold as a “package” deal (movie tickets AND concessions).
· Party timeslots, movie show times and movie titles are not guaranteed until approved by theatre manager.

Category 2 - Implicit Space/Explicit Time

College Education
College education, or any education for that matter, is an industry often overlooked for its revenue management potential. Traditionally, it is located in Quadrant II. Time is explicit because classes are for a set amount of time. On a larger scale, the length of the semester and of the degree program is relatively fixed. Space, in the case of classes, would be rooms. Since room size is defined by the institution, space is implicit. However, as we will illustrate with the following examples, not all institutions are the same in their revenue maximization approaches.

Cornell University (http://www.cornell.edu)
Cornell is a traditional private university. It generates revenue through tuition dollars, which entitle students to take as many classes as they want. In this way, Cornell is selling a package. Because students do not pay for the individual classes, time is measured in terms of the length of the semester, which Cornell controls. Space is somewhat more difficult to discuss. While for an individual class the space is the classroom used, we have already determined that Cornell’s strategy applies to each student. Thus, space could be each student’s spot on campus in relation to the total enrollment capacity.

eCornell (http://www.ecornell.com/)
eCornell is a subsidiary of Cornell University that offers online courses. Having classes online completely transforms the “space” lever of revenue management. With eCornell, space is only whatever storage space each account takes on the company’s server. Time is also transformed, because courses are not in real-time, and can be taken at the leisure of the students. Under this model, eCornell loses control of time, thus making time more implicit, as it is controlled by the students’ own learning pace.

Tompkins/Cortland Community College (http://www.tc3.edu/enroll_svc/st_tuition.asp)
This community college, in addition to its normal academic programs, offers students the opportunity to pay per credit. In this model, time is a class period and space is a classroom. TC3 thus strives to maximize revenue per available classroom period. It controls both time and space. As such, it is able to use the most effective revenue management principles, such as shortening duration between periods and extending operating hours (i.e. offering night classes).

Cornell Executive MBA Program (http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/academic/emba/format.html)
Cornell EMBA is a graduate business program for professionals that combines traditional courses with distance learning. Program participants begin their education with a week on Cornell’s campus. After that, they engage in a series of self-paced online coursework and meet alternating weekends at a distance learning center. Although this structure is in the same category as Cornell’s traditional program, as both space and time are controlled by the institution, it does successfully reduce the time that students occupy Cornell’s limited classroom space.

Personal Care & Beauty Industry
In its November 2005 report on ‘The US Beauty & Personal Care Products’, Mintel identifies a multitude of products in the beauty and personal care categories. It further elaborates that in this dynamic retail environment the industry faces a number of powerful market drivers. Some of these include demographics, general economic conditions, product innovation, and the growing effort of some manufacturers to expand offerings into both the mass and prestige channels.
More details about this industry are available on the following link.

One of these prestige channels includes Beauty Salons. We identify this channel under Explicit Time – Implicit Space category for the following reasons –

1. How is time defined and who controls the time definition?

As a general rule it is observed that the Beauty Salons sell time by appointments based on the need of the customer. They have general guide lines for each beauty treatment which help them book the stylists accordingly, and hence control time. Traditionally, the basic services at the saloons were sold as an event, but in today’s competitive world we find more and more saloons trying to sell time explicitly even for basic services such as waxing, nail art, etc. In our examples we draw a comparison between some saloons that are still more traditional in nature vis a vis the new age saloons, which are trying to sell time more explicitly.

2. How is the space defined and how is it used to make money?

The space here is mostly shared and there is usually no distinction made in terms selling it explicitly. There may be some high-end saloons which may be an exception to it, but on the whole the space is not sold explicitly to generate money.

Strip (http://www.strip.com.sg/)

The idea was conceived by a group of friends, who have managed to create this fun brand which has the service promise of Hygiene, Speed and Quality with a guaranteed 15 minute Brazilian wax. Apart from the various Brazilian waxing options they also provide nail art at selected saloons. These are not sold by time, and hence are implicit in time & space.

Honeypot(http://www.honeypot.com.sg/honeypot-home.html)

This saloon was more traditional in its approach. Most treatments here were not pegged against time. Hence the salon is selling events that are implicit in terms of time and space. It may be noted here that the range of services at the saloon are limited to manicure, pedicure, nails and waxing. Traditionally, most of these services are more time-implicit in nature.

Dashing Diva (http://www.dashingdivamadison.com/)
It is an international chain of saloons that provides all the regular saloon services and more. They merge the concept of personal and beauty care with hospitality and provide for concepts such as ‘Girls Night Out’ which is like a week end special happy hours. Also, one can plan exclusive self indulgent parties there for events such as bride maid mixers and catching up with girl friends. Here, the menu of services entailed more emphasis on time and prices were available for extra 5 or 10 minute massages as services add-ons.

Nailz Story & Beauty Tale (http://www.nailzstory.com/)

As the name suggests the USP for this Saloon is Nail Art. They do provide other regular saloon services, some of which are provided as packages. Moreover, they provide special group packages too. In concurrence to the observation made earlier at Honeypot, similar limited services are provided which are time-implicit in nature.

In sum, traditionally the more basic services such as waxing, manicure, pedicure and nail art that were time & space implicit are now more increasingly being sold explicitly for time. An example to illustrate my point is as below –
All-Out-Diva Manicure
$40
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Self-Storage Industry

(Explicit Time/Explicit Space)

The Industry
Self-storage facilities lease space to individuals, usually storing household goods, or to small businesses, usually storing excess inventory or archived records. The rented spaces, known as "units", are secured by the tenant's own lock and key. Facility operators do not have casual access to the contents of the space unlike a professional warehouseman. A self-storage operator never takes possession, care, custody or control of the contents of the storage rental space unless alien is imposed as provided in self-storage laws for non-payment of rent. Self-storage facility operators usually provide computer-controlled access to rental space areas and many use security cameras.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_storage

Space & Time & Price
Self-storage businesses lease a variety of unit sizes to residential and business customer/tenants. Popular unit sizes include 10x5 (10 feet wide by 5 feet (1.5 m) deep) which is about the size of a large walk-in closet, 10x10 (the size of a child's bedroom), 10x20 (one-car garage), 15x20 and 20x20 (two-car garage). The storage units are typically windowless, walled with corrugated metal, and lockable by the renter. Chain-link fencing or wire mesh may function as a more secure ceiling than a suspended ceiling. Each unit is usually accessed by opening a roll-up metal door, which is usually about the same size as a one-car garage door.

Some self-storage businesses will rent from month to month while others require a minimum number of months or a contract. Rental fees depend on location, size of the self storage unit and amenities, such as climate control. In US, self-storage rent can range from as low as $50 to over $200 per month, depending on requirements. However, even at $200 a month for a full year, the cost is a fraction of that required to replace furnishings for an entire office. For long distance moves, portable self storage units can be delivered right to the business for packing, then moved or stored by the self storage company, as needed.

Companies

1) Advance Moving & Storage, Ithaca, NY USA – Student Summer Storage Service http://www.advancemoving.com/

Advance Moving Company offers college students a variety of options for the storage of their material. The company also offers Student Summer Storage for the entire summer from May to September. All goods are stored in 5 x 5 x 7 vaults. The rates are as the following:

Warehouse Handling In/Out:
l $6.00 per item (minimum storage cost of $90.00)
l $1.00 per item without pick-up/deliver service (minimum $15.00)
Pick-Up or Delivery:
l $90.00 up to 15 items
Over 15 Items:
l $5.00 per item
Insurance:
l $5.00 per $1,000.00 of coverage with a minimum premium of $25.00

2) Price Self Storage, Walnut Creek, CA USA - Wine Storage Service
http://www.priceselfstorage.com/

From individual 18-case lockers to 500-case rooms, Price Self Storage wine storage facility can be configured in a broad variety of layouts to accommodate any size of collection. Walk-in wine lockers can be outfitted with custom-fitted shelves and racks according to the customer’s request.

3) Attic Self Storage, UK – Negotiable Price
http://www.atticselfstorage.co.uk/index.htm

Different from the self-storage companies in US, the customer can hardly find the direct rates on the website of these self-storage companies in UK. The UK companies encourage the customer to call or email them for a quotation according to the customer’s different storage requests. And promotions, price promise and refund are widely employed.

Price Promise: “We pride ourselves on providing both professional and personal customer service. Come on down, pay us a visit and take a look around our brand new store, we’re sure you’ll be impressed with the quality of our service. Nevertheless, we believe you deserve that quality at a fair price – so if you obtain a better quote from a comparable self storage facility within a 3 mile radius, let us know and we will do everything we can to beat them.”

Refund: “We'll even refund your reservation deposit if you've been made to pay one elsewhere.”

Storage charges will vary according to:
what you are storing (very heavy items typically need to remain on the ground floor, for which some of our competitors levy a premium)
how long you need to store it for (whether you qualify for special deals on longer term storage, for example)
what sort of access you require (some of our competitors levy a fee for extended hours access)
the shapes & sizes of individual items will impact how much space you actually need
the extent to which you may want to gain regular access to your belongings will also have an impact– for example, do you need a ‘corridor’ down the middle of the unit to afford easy access to your belongings?
The prices start from as little as £12.50 per week for the customer’s own storage room, but the company does review its prices regularly to ensure they are competitive in the locale.

4) Lock + Store, Singapore
http://www.lockandstore.com.sg/index.html

The storage cost will depend on the size the customer requires. The company has more than 200 different unit sizes, ranging from1.5 square metres (16 square feet) to 18 square metres (200 square feet). The monthly storage cost ranges from $86+GST for the smallest unit to $860+GST for the largest unit. The payment for moving-in is like the following”

Assuming the customer signs up for the smallest unit at $86+GST, he would need to pay:
1 Month Security Deposit* ($86.00) =Deposit* for Security Access Card ($10.00) =1 Time Administrative Fee ($20+GST) =1st Month Rent in Advanced ($86.00 + 7% GST) =Total =* Security Deposits are refundable on move-out
$ 86.00$ 10.00$ 21.40$ 92.02$209.42
The customer only needs to pay the monthly storage fee thereafter. In the above example, the monthly storage fee payable is $92.02, and it will be due on the monthly anniversary of the move-in date.

Mailbox Service (Explicit space, Explicit time)

Some of the characteristics of the mailbox service (such as fixed capacity, fixed time, premium locations and variable demand among others) make it an ideal setting to implement differential pricing. Ideally, each location of mailbox service would be priced according to the demand in the area. For example, in big cities with a lot of office building, mailbox service maybe catered to corporate and businessman with higher price, bigger size, longer rental compared to small cities location that consist of small businesses.


1. USPS (United States Postal Service) PO Box
It offers Post Office Box service to customers who value privacy, security, and flexibility. The PO box comes in five different sizes and the rental price varies depend on the location (see Ithaca vs. New York City Table). Customers can rent the PO Box for six months or twelve months, and they can also put their name in the wait-list if a desired size in desired location is not available.

Post Office - ITHACA 757 WARREN RD, ITHACA, NY 14850			Phone: (607) 266-0570 On-site parking available: Yes
Size	6 months	12 months	Availability
1 (3 IN X 5.5 IN)	$29.00	$58.00	Yes
2 (5 IN X 5.5 IN)	$47.00	$94.00	Yes
3 (11 IN X 5.5 IN)	$85.00	$170.00	Yes
4 (11 IN X 11 IN)	$153.00	$306.00	Yes
5 (22.5 IN X 12 IN)	$255.00	$510.00	Yes

Post Office - RADIO CITY STATION322 W 52ND ST, NEW YORK, NY 10019			Phone: (212) 265-3672 On-site parking available: No
Size	6 months	12 months	Availability
1 (3 IN X 5.5 IN)	$36.00	$72.00	Yes
2 (5 IN X 5.5 IN)	$56.00	$112.00	No (Wait-list Me)
3 (11 IN X 5.5 IN)	$95.00	$190.00	Yes
4 (11 IN X 11 IN)	$187.00	$374.00	No (Wait-list Me)
5 (22.5 IN X 12 IN)	$333.00	$666.00	No (Wait-list Me)

2. The UPS Store Mailbox
Using the UPS Mailbox customer can get a real street address, not a P.O. Box number. The UPS mailbox concept is similar to PO Box service as customers can choose from different size of mailboxes. The prices also vary based on the size, location, length of rental. Price is not listed on the website. Customers can contact the UPS neighborhood location for more details on the price and minimum length of an agreement.




3. Singapore PO Box
In Singapore, PO Box service is not yet categorized into different size.

GROUP (based on branch location)	ANNUAL RENTAL FEE (inclusive of GST)
	CORPORATE	INDIVIDUAL
A	$214.00	$160.50
B	$160.50	$107.00

4. Secure Mini Storage
The Secure Mini Storage is a family run business located in Palmdale, California. It offers PO. Box rentals as well as storage units.

PO BOX Sizes	W x H x D	Monthly Rentals
--Small	--3 ½" x 5"x 15"	--$12
--Medium	--5 ½" x 6"x 15"	--$15
--Large	--11 " x 6"x 15"	--$25
Key Deposit: $5 All sizes approximate. Rates subject to change without notice.

Oil & Gas Exploration

Implicit time/explicit space

Overview:Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation. Offshore and remote area exploration is generally only undertaken by very large corporations or national governments. Typical Shallow shelf oil wells (e.g. North sea) cost USD$10 - 30 Million, while deep water wells can cost up to USD$100 million plus. Hundreds of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing as little as USD$100,000.
Petroleum resources are typically owned by the government of the host country. In the USA most onshore (land) oil and gas rights (OGM) are owned by private individuals. Sometimes this is not the same person who owns the surface rights. In this case oil companies must negotiate terms for a lease of these rights with the individual who owns the OGM. In most nations the government issues licences to explore, develop and produce its oil and gas resources, which are typically administered by the oil ministry. There are several different types of licence. Typically oil companies operate in joint ventures to spread the risk, one of the companies in the partnership is designated the operator who actually supervises the work.

In effect, an explicit area (space) is leased out to the oil exploration company (FOC – Foreign Oil Company in most cases) to explore, drill and remove oil/or gas. Time is usually implicit, because operations are likely to cease once the oil reserves are either exhausted or unviable to extract. Negotiations are based on the estimated oil or gas reserves in that particular oilfield and the costs required to extract them. These costs vary because oil/gas may be found at different depths at different oilfields, the rock hardness and the location of oil reservoirs. In very few cases today are oilfields leased on an explicit time basis, although in the past it was common practice.

How pricing is negotiated
Licensing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration)
• Tax and Royalty - Companies would pay a royalty on any oil produced, together with a profits tax (which can have expenditure offset against it). In some cases there are also various bonuses and ground rents (license fees) payable to the government - for example a signature bonus payable at the start of the licence. Licences are awarded in competitive bid rounds on the basis of either the size of the work programme (number of wells, seismic etc) or size of the signature bonus.
• Production Sharing contract (PSA) - A PSA is more complex than a Tax/Royalty system - The companies bid on the percentage of the production that the host government receives (this may be variable with the oil price), There is often also participation by the Government owned National Oil Company (NOC). There are also various bonuses to be paid. Development expenditure is offset against production revenue. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_sharing_agreements) Production-Sharing Agreements (PSAs) are among the most common types of contractual arrangements for petroleum exploration and development. Under a PSA the state as the owner of mineral resources engages a foreign oil company (FOC) as a contractor to provide technical and financial services for exploration and development operations. The state is traditionally represented by the government or one of its agencies such as the national oil company (NOC). The FOC acquires an entitlement to a stipulated share of the oil produced as a reward for the risk taken and services rendered. The state, however, remains the owner of the petroleum produced subject only to the contractor's entitlement to its share of production. The government or its NOC usually has the option to participate in different aspects of the exploration and development process.PSAs can be beneficial to governments of countries that lack the expertise and/or capital to develop their resources and wish to attract foreign companies to do so. They can be very profitable agreements for the oil companies involved, but often involve considerable risk.
PSAs were first introduced in Indonesia in 1966. After independence nationalistic feelings were running high and foreign companies and their concessions became the target of increasing criticism and hostility. In response to this the government refused to grant new concessions. In order to overcome the subsequent stagnation in oil development, which was a disadvantage to both the country and the foreign firms, new petroleum legislation was brought in. PSAs were regarded as acceptable because the government upholds national ownership of resources. The major oil companies were initially opposed to this new contract form as they were reluctant to invest capital into an enterprise which they were not allowed to own or manage. More importantly, however, the FOCs did not want to establish a precedent which might then affect their concessions elsewhere. The first PSAs were therefore signed by independent FOCs who showed a greater willingness to compromise and accept terms that had been turned down by the majors. Furthermore, it has been argued that the independents saw this as an opportunity to break the dominance of the big oil companies and gain access to high quality crude oil (Barnes 1995). Thus challenged, the major FOCs bit the bullet and entered into PSAs (and found that in reality the foreign firm usually manages and operates the oilfield directly). From Indonesia PSAs spread globally to all oil-producing regions with the exception of western Europe where only Malta offers this type of contract.
• Service contract - This is when an oil company acts as a contractor for the host government, being paid to produce the hydrocarbons.

Major National Oil Companies (NOCs)
1. Saudi Aramco (saudiaramco.com)is the state-owned national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It is the largest oil corporation in the world with the largest proven crude oil reserves and production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco also operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. It was known as just Aramco between the years of 1933-1988, an acronym for Arabian American Oil Company.
As of the end of 2006, its yearly production of only crude oil neared 3.4 billion barrels (540,000,000 m3) and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia totaling at least 264 billion barrels (4.20×1010 m3) of oil reserves and 253 quadrillion scf of gas reserves Among those fields fully owned by the company is the Ghawar Field, the world's largest oil field; the Safaniya Field, the world's largest offshore field; and the Shaybah Field, one of the world's largest of its kind. It is thought to be by far the world's most profitable company.
2. The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) (www.nioc.ir), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. It was established in 1948.
NIOC was established with the objective of the exploration, development, production, marketing and sales of crude oil and natural gas. NIOC's oil and gas reserves in early 2005 was as follows;
• Recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves in early 2005, 136.99 billion barrels (21.780×109 m3, 10% of world's total).
• Recoverable gas reserves in early 2005 , 28.17×1012 m3 (15% of world's total).
NIOC is considered the second largest oil firm of the world .Current NIOC production capacities include over 4 million barrels (640×103 m3) of crude oil and in excess of 500 million cubic meters of natural gas per day. In 2008, the average extraction cost of oil was less than $5 per barrel. This does not include processing (refining) and distribution costs. Iran’s cumulative oil production has reached to 61 billion barrels by the end of 2007, most of these volume produced after 1951, under the supervision of NIOC.NIOC produces 50-80% of its industrial equipment domestically including refineries, oil tankers, oil rigs, offshore platforms and exploration instruments.
3. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) (www.ongcindia.com) (incorporated on June 23, 1993) is an Indian public sector petroleum company. It is a Fortune Global 500 company ranked 335th, and contributes 77% of India's crude oil production and 81% of India's natural gas production. It is the highest profit making corporation in India. It was set up as a commission on August 14, 1956. Indian government holds 74.14% equity stake in this company.
ONGC is engaged in exploration and production activities. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India. It produces about 30% of India's crude oil requirement. It owns and operates more than 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in India. Until recently (March 2007) it was the largest company in terms of market cap in India.
4. Petronas, short for Petroliam Nasional Berhad (www.petronas.com.my ) is a Malaysian owned oil and gas company that was founded on August 17, 1974. Wholly owned by the Government, the corporation is vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia and is entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas is ranked among Fortune Global 500's largest corporations in the world. In 2008, Fortune ranks Petronas as the 95th largest company in the world. It also ranks Petronas as the 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia.Since its incorporation Petronas has grown to be an integrated international oil and gas company with business interests in 31 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas Group comprised 103 wholly owned subsidiaries, 19 partly-owned outfits and 57 associated companies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various oil and gas based activities. The Financial Times has identified Petronas as one of the "new seven sisters"[4]: the most influential and mainly state-owned national oil and gas companies from countries outside the OECD.
The Group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities, including upstream exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining; marketing and distribution of petroleum products; trading; gas processing and liquefaction; gas transmission pipeline network operations; marketing of liquefied natural gas; petrochemical manufacturing and marketing; shipping; automotive engineering; and property investment.
Petronas built the Petronas Twin Towers (opened 1998), the tallest twin towers and once the world's tallest buildings, as its headquarters.




OIL MAJORS


• Royal Dutch Shell (www.shell.com), commonly known simply as Shell, is a multinational oil company of Dutch and British origins. It is the second largest private sector energy corporation in the world, and one of the six "supermajors" (vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing companies). The company's headquarters are in The Hague, Netherlands, with its registered office in London (Shell Centre).[2]
The company's main business is the exploration for and the production, processing, transportation, and marketing of hydrocarbons (oil and gas). Shell also has a significant petrochemicals business (Shell Chemicals), and an embryonic renewable energy sector developing wind, hydrogen and solar power opportunities. Shell is incorporated in the UK with its corporate headquarters in The Hague, its tax residence is in Netherlands, and its primary listings on the London Stock Exchange and Euronext Amsterdam (only "A" shares are part of the AEX index).
Forbes Global 2000 in 2007 ranked Shell the eighth largest company in the world. Also in 2007, Fortune magazine ranked Shell as the third-largest corporation in the world, behind Wal-Mart and ExxonMobil. Shell operates in over 140 countries. In the United States, its Shell Oil Company subsidiary, headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States, is one of Shell's largest businesses.
• The Exxon Mobil Corporation (ExxonMobil.com), or ExxonMobil, is an American oil and gas corporation. It is a direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil company,[formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil.
ExxonMobil is the world's largest publicly traded company when measured by either revenue or market capitalization. Exxon Mobil's reserves were 72 billion oil-equivalent barrels at the end of 2007 and, at current rates of production, are expected to last over 14 years.[4] The company has 38 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of 6.3 million barrels. While it is the largest of the six oil supermajors with daily production of 3.921 million BOE (barrels of oil equivalent) in 2008, this is only approximately 3% of world production and ExxonMobil's daily production is surpassed by several of the largest state-owned petroleum companies. When ranked by oil and gas reserves it is 14th in the world with less than 1% of the total.
• British Petroleum, (www.bp.com)officially BP plc is the third largest global energy company, a multinational oil company ("oil major") with headquarters in London. The company is among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six "supermajors" (vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing companies).[2] The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


4. Chevron Corporation (Chevron.com) (NYSE: CVX) is the world's fourth largest non-government energy company. Headquartered in San Ramon, California, USA, and active in more than 180 countries, it is engaged in every aspect of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production; refining, marketing and transport; chemicals manufacturing and sales; and power generation. Chevron is one of the world's six "supermajor" oil companies.

Category 1 - Implicit Space/Implicit Time

Theater Industry


American consumers spent $12.8 billion (avg. $42.8 per person) on admissions to performing arts events in 2005. This was $3.2 billion less than for admissions to sporting events but $3 billion more than the total American spending for movie admissions[i]. The theater industry is a large but extremely diverse industry, including small and large companies, commercial and non-profit ventures. It ranges from specialized theater (concert hall and opera house) to a multi-disciplinary venue. Hence approaches to revenues are widely different from a commercial Broadway theater to a highly-subsidized non-profit center.

Usually in theater, the unit sold is a seat, represented by an admission ticket that mentions the date and time of the show (validity), the seat number (the location), and the conditions (rate fences).

The theater has no control over the duration as the show is provided by external producers. However, theaters generally use tier pricing, which can be adapted to the nature and the popularity of the show. In addition, they use matinee and evening as well as weekday and weekend pricing. Discounts are usually offered for student and senior citizen. Specific partners such as local art club can be offered discounts. Theaters often offer also group and corporate booking for minimum number of tickets at preferential price.

Esplanade -Theaters on the Bay, Singapore (http://www.esplanade.com/index.jsp)
The Esplanade is the premier performing art center in Singapore. Opened in October 2002, the Esplanade has four main venues:
· Theater (play, musical, dance, opera) – 2000 seats
· Concert Hall (symphony and concert) – 1600 seats
· Recital Studio (smaller recital, jazz concert) – 245 seats
· Theater Studio (experimental works) – 220 seats
In addition, the Esplanade has rehearsal studios, an outdoor performance stage, several opened spaces for reception and events. The Esplanade also features an extensive retail and F&B area.

In addition to its performing art events, the Esplanade has developed a large range of activity to encourage people to stay as long as they want in order to:

· Increase usage of F&B and retail outlets
· Expose to the Esplanade marketing for up-coming events
· Break the barrier about arts being elitist and expensive
Being a recently-built theater, the Esplanade was designed with flexibility in mind. The Esplanade can then adapt its capacity by closing or opening sections.

As other source of revenues, the Esplanade rents its theaters, F&B and retail spaces, as well as reception spaces for private events.

The Esplanade has succeeded to develop its entire space into a dynamic and busy space, which is always bustling with activities outside show times.

Hong Kong Cultural Centre (HKCC), Hong Kong
(http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/CulturalService/HKCC/eindex.html )
In comparison to the Esplanade, the HKCC is a quiet and empty space outside of show times. Opened in 1989, HKCC includes a Concert Hall, Grand Theatre, Studio Theatre, a Exhibition Gallery and four foyer exhibition areas, 11 rehearsal and practice rooms and 2 conference rooms.
The main difference between the Esplanade and the HKCC is that HKCC makes its revenues entirely from hiring instead of ticket sales.
Financial results: http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/CulturalService/HKCC/en/financial/financial.html



Anchor partners such HK Philharmonic Orchestra, LCSD, the HK Arts Festival, and the HK Ballet has long-term agreement with the HKCC. Tickets are sold through a third-party company such as HK ticketing (www.hkticketing.com/eng/).



Whereas the Esplanade can manage its revenue on both aspects: hiring and ticketing, HKCC has limited possibility in focusing only on hiring. The space & time definition changes: from seat to the entire hall and from duration of show to duration of lease.



HKCC has also very few extra-revenues, with only limited F&B and one retail shop. HKCC also rent for special events such as private cocktail parties and organized guided tour.



The Substation, Singapore - (http://www.substation.org/ )
The Substation is a smaller cultural center, focusing on presenting local and experimental works. Venues are the Substation Theatre (108 seats), the Substation Gallery, a dance studio and two classrooms.



The Substation offers packages for its venue rental. Package are divided by target market (artist/ commercial venture), however there is no pricing by WD/WE, the time of the year, the duration of the booking (longer rentals can get discount). Hence additional possibilities can exist there.



As the Substation is also a co-producer, it also drives revenues through ticketing. The venue offers usually one ticket price which varies depending on the event, sometimes student discounts. The Theater is limited in terms of capacity (108 seats) to maybe implement tier pricing (space flexibility).



Carnegie Hall, New York ( http://www.carnegiehall.org/SiteCode/Intro.aspx )
“Carnegie Hall has been the premier classical music performance space in the United States since its opening in 1891, showcasing the world's greatest soloists, conductors, and ensembles”[ii]. It features 3 main stages:

• Isaac Stern Auditorium / Ronald O. Perelman Stage - 2,804 Seats


• Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall - 268 Seats


• Judy and Arthur Zankel Hall - 599 Seats

Similarly to the Esplanade & HKCC, Carnegie Hall has guided tour, shop and F&B outlets. It rents several banquet rooms as well as the performing halls. It offers an online retail store and gift certificate.

However, Carnegie Hall being a specialized theater (music), it has the possibility to offer season subscription in addition to its normal ticketing. Subscriptions help the theater to anticipate its demand, to collect the money up-front, and to encourage the customer to up-buy (higher category, more shows). Student subscription package at discounted price are also available (program of 3 concerts for US$ 45)

In addition of its season tickets, Carnegie hall also offers several pricing scheme: Senior Rush Tickets, Partial-View Seats, Student Tickets, For Concertgoers 40 or Younger Membership card (discount & privileges), Group Ticket Discounts.

[i] National Endowment for the Arts, Consumer Spending on Performing Arts, 2006, http://www.nea.gov/
[ii] http://www.carnegiehall.org/article/the_basics/art_overview.html

Museum Industry
This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in the preservation and exhibition of objects of historical, cultural and/or educational value and includes art galleries, art museums and other museums in general.[1]

The American Association of Museums (AMA) uses a much broader definition on museums, which includes zoos etc., and has estimated that there are 17,500 museums in the US which attract a total annual visitation of 850 million.

Based on their 2003 Museums survey, the median museum had an annual operating budget of $750,000, 7 full-time and 5 part-time paid staff and 60 volunteers. They had a building of 22,000 square feet, which cost $3 per square foot a year to operate, had almost 40,000 visitors and a $5 admission fee. Although 36% charged no admission fee and a further 4 percent operated on a donation for admission basis. It is estimated that the industry is broadly segmented by revenue to 66% for museums and 33 % for art museums/galleries.

Here is the link for the definition of the museum Industry:
http://www.aam-us.org/aboutmuseums/whatis.cfm

We define the industry in the implicit time - implicit space category because of the following reasons:

1. How is time defined and who controls the time definition? How is it used to make money?
As the industry norm, the visitors of the museums define the time. The museums open at a certain time in the morning and they close at the evening also at a particular time. Visitors choose to stay inside the museums as long as they like within the operating hours of the museums. While the majority of museums sell one-time admission tickets, 36% of them charge no admission fee; therefore, the number of visit is unlimited within a day.

2. How is the space defined?
The space is most likely defined by the museums or the external force such as the length of certain special exhibition.

For example, most of the museums have two different areas: one area exhibits permanent collections while the other exhibits special exhibition. The area of permanent exhibition is somehow fixed unless there is major renovation works; areas of special exhibition changes according to length of the certain exhibition. These areas have to be closed for the renewal of other exhibitions.

Madame Tussauds Wax Museum (http://www.madametussauds.com/)
This museum showcases elegant wax figures in their exhibition. One of their museums in Hong Kong charges admission fee for one-time visit, which is typical. However, it offers some bundles packages, for example: Peak Tram + Admission Ticket or Admission + Peak Tram + Sky Terrace (another scenic spot on The Peak) to attract visitors.

Smithsonian Institutution (http://www.si.edu/)
Smithsonian Institution, the world's largest museum complex and research organization composed of 19 museums, 9 research centers, and the National Zoo. Most of its museums are located in Washington DC. The Institution is not a for-profit organization. All the 19 museums are free to the public. However, some of its museums do have some revenue generators such as gift shops, IMAX theaters, and rental space to F&B (McDonald’s in the case of Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum).

Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia (http://www.easternstate.org/)
Eastern State Penitentiary opened on October 25, 1829. It was the world's most expensive and high-tech prison. This historical site is now opened to the public. This museum defines the time differently as visitors join a tour, walking around the prison with guides. The time is defined by the length of the tour and each tour has maximum people capacity. This museum transformed implicit time, which normal museums do, to explicit time where the staff of the museum has control over the time of visit.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ( http://www.ushmm.org/visit/)
The Holocaust Memorial Museum a living memorial to the Holocaust. It stimulates leaders and citizens to confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy. The museum has a public-private partnership, and it supported by the federal government. This museum has a practice of giving out free admission ticket in the morning, before the operational hours. Visitors have to get a free admission ticket and come back at the designed time on the same day. The visitors still defines the time implicitly because once they are in, they can stay as long as they like before the closing hours. However, the distribution of admission tickets from the museum takes back some control over the time issue.

[1] Museums in the US, November 14 2008, IBIS World Database